The Prevalence Of Hiv During The United States - 891 Words

Introduction The prevalence of HIV in prison populations has been a growing concern as the number of infected prisoners is nearly double that of the general adult population. HIV in prison settings is a serious issue not only in the U.S but worldwide due to the commonality of high risk-behaviors among all prison populations such as rape, drug use and needle sharing, tattooing and unsafe sex practices. This makes prisons a breeding ground for the onward transmission of HIV due to the over crowdedness, combined with the atmosphere of violence and fear. The release from such tensions are typically found in these high-risk behaviors, especially drug use and unsafe sex, the two most common transmissions of HIV. Although many correctional institutions have some form of HIV testing in place, their policies and procedures widely vary. Mandatory testing specifically in prisons is a mandated test performed with or without consent during the admission process (Gagnon, 2013). Support for Mandatory HIV Testing As imprisonment rates continue to rise, optimists for mandatory testing have expressed that correctional facilities serve as an important location in targeting treatment and prevention based initiatives (Milloy, 2014). Mandatory HIV testing is perceived as an aggressive form of testing because it implies that all inmates are at equal risk of HIV, and testing will be performed regardless of consent. However, it provides a front door barrier to HIV before inmates ever enterShow MoreRelatedComparing Two Studies On Estimated Hiv Incidence And Prevalence1456 Words   |  6 PagesStudies on estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence Introduction In the era of HIV global pandemic, estimating incidence and prevalence correctly is critical, as it becomes a strong tool for authorities to decide next action, to mitigate infection rate and its multiple consequences to society. 2 studies investigated HIV estimated incidence from different approaches. Prejean et al studied the incidence estimates in the United States, by using a four-year data obtained from HIV incidence surveillanceRead MoreEffects Of Reduction Of HIV1296 Words   |  6 PagesReduction of HIV through PrEP on African American MSM Introduction Sexual Transmitted Infections’ (STI) are a significant health problem worldwide despite being neglected from the stigma and taboo associated with it. There are over 25 diseases that can be transmitted through sexual activity. Many STIs are unnoticeable as a result of the symptoms being asymptomatic and the stigma that is attached to getting an STI would discourage an individual from getting treatment. These infections could leadRead MoreHiv And The United States Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to recent statistics from the Centers for Disease Control, approximately 1.2 million individuals in the United States have HIV (about 14 percent of which are unaware of their infection and another 1.1 million have progressed to AIDS. Over the past decade, the number of HIV cases in the US has increased, however, the annual number of cases remains stable at about 50, 000 new cases per year. Within these estimates, certain groups tend to carry the burden of these disease, parti cularly theRead MoreWhy Is Hiv Disease A Pandemic?1061 Words   |  5 PagesWhy must you always spell HIV and AIDS in capital letters? You must always spell HIV and AIDS in capital letters because they are acronyms. *slide 3 Why is HIV disease a pandemic? HIV disease is a pandemic because it crosses all borders, cultures, races, etc. Also, it occurs over a wide geographic area. *slide 4 In HIV-1 s family tree, how many groups are there? Name them. What group was added in slide 8? [4pts] What appears to be the favorite chimpanzee monkey food? [2pts] What is it aboutRead MoreCorrelation Between Hiv And The Prevalence Of Hiv1102 Words   |  5 Pagescircumcision with the prevalence of HIV in men who have sex with men (MSM). The cross-sectional study sampled 387 Indian men from six drop-in health centers, who were between the ages of 18-49. Men were selected from the drop-in centers, interviewed, given written informed consent and were then tested for HIV. Of the men tested for HIV, 18.6% were positive. Interviews were completed in order to get information about risk factors that could be associated with the prevalence of HIV in this populationRead MoreHiv And The Prevalence Of Hiv Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pages HIV In Adolescents Shavon Q Frasier Delaware Technical and Community College Abstract According to the CDC, In the United States the prevalence of HIV in adolescents from age 13-24 is estimated to account for 22% of all new cases (cdc.gov 2016). Of those cases, the most new cases occurred among gay and bisexual males. Furthermore young African American and Latino gay and bisexual males have been affected in higher numbers than any other group. Addressing HIV in our youth entailsRead MoreHpv Associated Anal And Oral Cancers1465 Words   |  6 Pagescancers are increasing. The reason is still unclear although sexual behavior changes in the general population are postulated as one of the factors. The incidence is drastically higher in specific risk groups, such as men who have sex with men, and HIV-1 infected individuals. Interestingly, anal cancer is predominant in women while a higher incidence of oral cancer is found in men. This review gives a brief summary of epidemic, risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of these two HPV-associatedRead MoreHuman I mmunodeficiency Virus And Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesconjunction with how it can be transmitted, so basically if it is highly contagious and most importantly, if any cure has been established for it. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(HIV/AIDS) is one of the most difficult epidemics to control. This is because, the HIV virus attacks the very cells designed to control and as such, can avoid exposure to treatments which is the major reason why a cure for it hasn’t been found. Owing to the lack of their knowledge of the severityRead MoreTypes And Types Of Hpv Vaccine1330 Words   |  6 Pagesfemales to males than from males to females (2). The incidence of anal and oral cancers related to HPV is increasing in the general population and is growing even faster among individuals who are immunocompromised because of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (3, 4). Two prophylactic vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) have been approved for a decade. Recently, the nonavalent vaccine including additional high-risk HPV types is promised to provide more coverage against cervical cancers (5). The HPVRead MoreSex Abuse And Substance Abuse917 Words   |  4 Pages1.0 Background World Prison Population List published that about 11 million people were held as detention, remand and sentenced prisoner in 2011; United States had the highest prisoner population rate worldwide with 743 per 100,000 of the national population (Walmsley, 2011). Majority of prisoners from poor minority communities are experienced chronic diseases, drug abuse and mental illness. In U.S., 65% prisoners achieved the medical criteria for substance abuse and addiction (Columbia Univ., New

Reflection Nursing and Mentors Essay - 3273 Words

Nursing Practice Review Mentoring Keywords: Mentoring/Continuing professional development/Portfolio ââ€" This article has been double-blind peer reviewed CPD for mentors: creating a portfolio Mentors can use a portfolio of evidence to show continuing professional development In this article... Why mentors need a CPD portfolio How to create a portfolio of evidence Using a SWOT analysis to identify strengths and weaknesses Author Louise Lawson is senior lecturer, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire. Abstract Lawson L (2011) CPD for mentors: creating a portfolio. Nursing Times; 107: 21, 15-18. It is a mandatory requirement for mentors to support and assess all pre-registration†¦show more content†¦A Nursing Times survey identified that, while mentors are aware of the value of mentoring students (Gainsbury, 2010), they are challenged as to how to commit fully to the role within the constant demands of their core job. They identified that work demands had a significant impact on their ability to engage in mentor activities, such as mentoring students and attending updates and relevant courses. Mentors have also expressed concerns about accountability and supporting failing students (Duffy and Hardicre, 2007). Mentorship preparation and the ongoing development of nurse mentors www.nursingtimes.net / Vol 107 No 21 / Nursing Times 31.05.11 15 Nursing Practice Review 5 key points 1 Nurses and midwives have a responsibility to continually develop themselves for professional growth Mentors play a pivotal role in protecting the public by ensuring students are fit for purpose and practice 2 3 It is mandatory for mentors to support and assess pre-registration students in practice Clinical placements are a vital part of education because they help students to translate theory into practice Supporting mentors in formulating a mentor portfolio builds confidence and skills 4 5 Report digital need support in both clinical practice and academic settings. Andrews and ChiltonShow MoreRelatedNursing Mentor Reflection Paper1714 Words   |  7 Pagesthis assignment is to critically evaluate and analyse the role of a mentor which took place as a part of virtual student placement within a hospital setting. Mentor is someone who is a registered nurse and who can assess and help the students with their learning process in a practical area, Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2006). According to Bulman and Schutz (2013), reflection is an important part of the development of nursing skills and knowledge. In this essay I am using Chris as a virtual studentRead MoreReflective Practice : An Essential Attribute For The Development Of Autonomous, Critical And Advanced Practitioners1627 Words   |  7 PagesReflection is an essential attribute for the development of autonomous, critical and advanced practitioners. It is the ability to examine one’s actions and experiences in order to enhance individual clinical knowledge and nursing practice. Reflection is a professional motivator to â€Å"move on and do better with one’s practice†, with the common goal of learning from one’s experiences and examining oneself (Caldwell Grobbel, 2013). According to Chong (2009), â€Å"reflective practice should be a continuousRead MoreThe Theory And Practices Of Reflection1254 Words   |  6 Pages Critical reflection is the active, organised cognitive process used to carefully examine ones thinking and the thinking of others. It draws upon skills used in other ways of thinking, but is viewed as a broader concept that’s differentiated by its holistic, purposeful, reflective and goal orientated nature. Critical thinking is central to quality nursing practice. It is therefore important that nurses purposefully use and develop their critical thinking ability in order to deliver safe and effectiveRead MoreA Reflection On Learning Theories And Assessment Strategies1616 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nursing, to provide and maintain high quality care to our population, nurses are required to have a continuous development of knowledge and skills based on evolving knowledge based practice. Great part of this learning can be developed in clinical practice, under supervision, from a person with sufficient skills to facilitate learning. Therefore, as part of pre-registration nursing stud ents development process, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008a) declares the requirement of a mentorRead MoreAcademic And Clinical Aspects Of The Curriculum846 Words   |  4 Pagesdifference between nursing theory and practice (Johns, 2009; Stuart, 2013). Reflection helps the student to observe, understand, learn and make sense of their daily experiences and also play a major role in student learning process (John, 2009). Schon (1992) stated that to succeed, the knowledge and skills from previous course work and clinical experiences must be built on by the student. Furthermore Plack et,al. (2008), affirm that to facilitate the process of reflection, the mentor is often requiredRead MoreClinical Practice Reflection1592 Words   |  7 Pageshave never worked or placed in an acute ward and this was my second placement. Before starting my placement, I visited the ward and was inducted around the ward. This gave me a bit of confidence and reassurance about working in an acut e ward. Reflection is a process of learning from ones experience (Spalding, 1998). The objective of my experience is to show the positive effect of using therapeutic communication skills with patients. Therapeutic communication can be described as a face to face techniqueRead MoreEssay on Critical Incident1728 Words   |  7 Pagesguide the author undertake this reflection, Johns (2002) reflective model will be utilised. As the first stage of Johns reflective model asks for the description of the event, the descriptive part will be attached (see appendix A). In accordance with the NMC Code of Professional Conduct (2008) the names of the individual involved have been changed using pseudonym in the form of James, Jennifer and Christina for the purpose of maintaining confidentiality. This reflection has been chosen as it has shownRead MoreMy Nursing Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Nursing Practice1074 Words   |  5 PagesNursing philosophy My philosophy of nursing practice is being kind to others. I use my knowledge and skills to help people. I also respect patients’ preferences, values and choices even though they differ from mine. I will try to understand and show empathy to my patients through seeing them beyond their illness and provide holistic and culturally sensitive care. Nursing is not just a job that looks after the sickness, rather, it is about the humanity, about being a human for another human. As aRead MorePersonal Reflection756 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal reflections are characterized as learning through experience in gaining new insights and changed perception of self and practices. Reflection can be a difficult experience without the support and guidance of an expert (Johns, 2004). This personal reflection presents an exciting opportunity for me to consider how successful my placement in the intermediate care has been in terms of my own personal learning. By reflecting on the positive aspects of the placement, I will be able to make senseRead MoreReflection Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagesa good nursing documentation is an integral part of nursing. It will also demonstrate how reflection enabled me to make sense of and learn from this experience, as well as identify any further learning developments needed to improve my practice and achieve the level of competency needed for when I qualify as an assistant practitioner. While discussing the knowledge underpinning practice, evidence based literature will be reviewed to support my discussion and for the purpose of reflection the essay

Oedipus Rex And Oedipus At Colonus Essay Example For Students

Oedipus Rex And Oedipus At Colonus Essay Sophocles wrote both Oedipus the King, also known as Oedipus Rex, and Oedipus at Colonus. Although Oedipusat Colonus is looked at to be a continuation of Oedipus the King, the two do differ when dealing with the character himself, Oedipus. Thequestion though being is, did Oedipus acheive redemption by the end of the play?In Oedipus the King, Oedipus had fallen by the end of the play. His life had made a complete 360 after the truth was revealed about the murderof the King and his true father. However, in the continuation of the play, in Oedipus at Colonus, Oedipus begins to make a turn for the better. It was quoted that in the second play the central theme is thetransformation of Oedipus into a hero. In Oedipus at Colonus, Oedipus struggled to acheive death and transformation in accordance withhis oracle. This was seen for the most part in the middle of the play. Sophocles made his second edition of this play very dramatic. The play begins inmisery. This misery helped teach Oedipus resignation.. asking little,receiving less than little, and content with that. Oedpus, a suppliant, isin need of a savior, of which that being Theseus, to help save him from thepursued by his enemy ( Creon ). However, the central paradox of this playis that the suppliant is destined to be the savior. This was seen mostclearly when dealing with the conflicts that took place within this play. Therewas a plea scene in which Oedipus ( suppliant ) commends himself to Theseus (his savior ); an agon between Oedipus and Creon ( enemy ) ending in violence andan agon between Creon and Theseus, ending in Creons expulsion and a battlesequence, ending in the salvation of Oedipus. All the misery and helplessnessthat typify a suppliants condition are present in the character Oedipus, but asthe drama begins to unfold slowly, it quickly becomes apparent that he will notbe confine d to just that role. Oedipus true redemption is seen however whendealing with his stronger faith in his religion seen in the second play. Oedipushad heard that the land on which he trespassed upon was sacred to the all-seeing Eumenides. So, in hearing this to be true, Oedipus standsthere calmly with the wishes that the goddesses receive him as their suppliantand he states for never would I go away from this refuge. Oedipusproves to others that he is no longer the helpless beggar that was seen in thebeginning of Oedipus at Colonus. When stranger asked him and what help can there be from a blind man?, Oedipus replied, what I say will be full of sight. With this response, the stranger, alongwith many others, were quite impressed. After the stranger left, Oedipus onceagain began to pray to the Eumenides. He made a promise to them that his lifewould end at the seat of the Dread Goddesses, bringing benefits to those whoreceived him and ruin to those from whom drove him to exile. By the end of theplay, Oedipus disappears mysteriously, without pain and suffering. Most agreethat this was the best way for life to end. It was quite obvious that Oedipusdid reach redemption in Oedipus at Colonus. However, it was statedthat Sophocles does not bring Oedipus to Colonus to die and be veneratedas a hero, but to become a hero before our eyes.

Poorly Done Childhood Experiences Sample Essay

As a young boy, my father often took me to Wrigley Field. I was so intrigued by the sounds of the crowd mixed with the scent of hot dogs and peanuts in the air. The ivy clinging to the outfield walls contained memories of past seasons and the Cubs losing tradition. As I analyze my attachment to this venerated shrine to baseball, I realize that my summer days working there helped me to mature, and taught me some sobering lessons. Other summer days relaxing in the bleachers suited my personality well.In April of 1994, I began my summer job with the opening of the baseball season. During weekend games, I pushed a dessert cart from skybox to skybox, with the assignment to sell as many desserts as possible. It was fortunate that the success of the enterprise did not depend on my sales. Being somewhat shy with strangers, at first I had difficulty looking my customers in the eye. I stared down at the ground and mumbled the dessert choices. I am sure there was a universal feeling among the s kybox guests that they were going deaf, as they always asked me to speak louder. The other employee assigned to the dessert cart always seemed to have more tips at the end of the day. That was when my sense of competition and pride took over. First I risked looking up; then I stopped mumbling; then I spoke louder; and to my surprise, I even started to have a confident personality with strangers. I was growing up, and I was proud of myself.People all over the United States will remember the summer of 1994 as the summer of the baseball strike. I will remember it as the summer I got laid off. I had always wanted to work at Wrigley Field, and was so proud of my new success. I was one happy fifteen-year old. By August, I had half my earnings saved for a new Kurzweil keyboard.The tension was mounting as the playoffs and World Series approached. Another tension was also accelerating between the owners and the players, but I did not take it seriously. Then it happened. Suddenly, the scent o f hot dogs was gone, and there was no one to see the ivy in full bloom. The players and owners had forgotten the perfection and beauty of the game. It was shocking to realize that my heroes caused me to lose my job; the millions of dollars they were making were not enough. I could not believe that my dream of a new keyboard was gone. This suddenly seemed insignificant when Javier, one of my co-workers, expressed his anxiety about feeding his family of five. I wondered how many other families would seriously suffer financially when their paychecks stopped arriving. The word strike in baseball now had a sobering new meaning.My days as a fan in the bleachers reflect a completely different part of me. During my high school years, it has become a summertime hobby to attend as many games as possible. My reason for attending is never just to watch the game, for I find Wrigley Field to be a great place for reflection. I always sit in the bleachers, where the fans share my enthusiasm for the experience. Our emotions rise and fall together during the course of the game. On a perfect day, I sit shirtless in the warm sun, observing, reflecting and treasuring. My view is of home plate and the elegant architecture of downtown Chicago out of the corner of my eye. Being an optimist, I continue to have hope that one day the Cubs will win the World Series for the first time since 1908. But even if they never do, I will always feel part of a larger tradition and a coming of age.CommentsThis applicants trouble is that he is too explicit, giving away the point of the essay toward the end of the introduction: As I analyze my attachment to this venerated shrine to baseball, I realize that my summer days working there helped me to mature, and taught me some sobering lessons. Although this is valid, it is a generic message stated through clichà ©d language. Instead of starting with an engaging anecdote, he resorts to trite rhetoric. He would have been better off starting the piece wi th the second paragraph. Such introductions cause admissions officers to begin to skim—not a trait of a successful application essay.In Paragraphs 3 and 4, the writer resorts to generalization, ascending the proverbial soapbox and getting off the topic—himself. The writing takes on an almost stream-of-consciousness quality, resulting in a conclusion that makes no salient point. Though this is a good baseball essay, it was supposed to be about the applicant and revolve around a specific thesis.

Cosmetic surgery Essay Example

Cosmetic surgery Essay Example Cosmetic surgery Paper Cosmetic surgery Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the topic is plastic surgery, one thing comes to mind: Hollywood. Plastic surgery is being used for purely aesthetics purposes. Hollywood stars undergo cosmetic operations to enhance and beautify themselves. Wilson (2001) asserts that in Hollywood, the stars’ appearance means everything. This is why stars are lining up to undergo the operations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, not all plastic surgery is for the rich and the famous; many are a medical necessity in order to function on a day to day basis. Many birth defects can now be corrected using plastic surgery. Congenital deformities can be psychologically and physically taxing. Reconstructive surgery gives hope to people who undergo this trauma. (Kita nd) Accidents and war wounds may also require plastic surgery. Their goal for undergoing the operation is to try to live normal lives again. A person had car accident and lost a leg can make use of an artificial limb so that he can be able to walk again through therapy. A soldier whose face has been burned in the war can undergo plastic surgery to avoid fear or embarrassment of facing other people. Rhinoplasty is also commonly called a nose job. 3 The real start of cosmetic surgery began in the 20th century. Obviously, technology is the shoulder of this. The main purpose of this surgery was to repair the faces of the victims of the World War I. The end of WWI and the high number of shattered faces that were rebuilt by new constructive surgical procedures was put in the press as a way to restore hope amongst soldiers. Surgeons began to realize the capabilities of the reconstructive procedures and began to realize the possibilities. The history of cosmetic surgery has changed a great deal from altering birth deformities to shifting ideas of beauty based on the times. Once described as a mainly Caucasian surgery reserved for just the rich and famous, the history of cosmetic surgery did not allow the average person to benefit from the procedures that could reshape societys elite. In the history of cosmetic surgery, there was also more of a stigma in speaking openly about any cosmetic work performed. There was also a more mainstreamed idea of beauty in the early history of cosmetic history, with people seeking procedures to a more conformed idea of beauty. 4 Today, cosmetic surgery has shifted from the early history of cosmetic surgery views. Over time, there have been many additional procedures developed, better techniques formed, a wider range of patients, and a higher acceptance and openness than the early history of cosmetic surgery. The idea of beauty has become more diversified, with a greater acceptance for unique and ethnic features and has become a more open forum to discuss than early history of cosmetic surgery. The shift in views from early history of cosmetic surgery to now has been attributed to many things. The focus on health and fitness has led to a natural progression of wanting to look as good as you feel, and there are more media outlets than in the history of cosmetic surgery. More information and more people are speaking about their cosmetic surgery, which in the history of cosmetic surgery was not done. People today, unlike in the history of cosmetic surgery, are not ashamed that they have gotten surgical work performed on areas there were previously not completely satisfied with. In 2002 alone, there were close to 6. 9 million cosmetic surgery procedures performed, a vast increase of 228% from 1997 which is not a long history of cosmetic surgery but merely five years. When looking at how far the history of cosmetic surgery has extended many people believe the recent increase, awareness, and acceptance has been in part to the limitless amount of information people can access through the Internet. What the history of cosmetic surgery has taught is that becoming as educated and aware of all aspects of aesthetic procedures and better ensure a safe and satisfying surgical experience. The history of cosmetic surgery is destined to continue to change. With the growing acceptance and openness of cosmetic surgery, it is also essential to remember the history of cosmetic surgery and not lose sight of how it should be used. While cosmetic surgery is an immensely positive experience for many people, studies and history of cosmetic surgery shows that it can be a negative tool if used incorrectly. Patients should have realistic and informed expectations about cosmetic surgery and understand that over time the history of cosmetic surgery has changed to accept beauty in all types of ethnic and unique ways. 5 Right now, there are different types of cosmetic surgeries. One of the most mainstream clinics which offer the said procedures is the Belo Medical Group headed by Dr. Victoria G. Belo. Here are some services offered: 1. Blepharoplasty: Laser Eyebag Removal/Eyelift 2. Breast Augmentation/Breast Lift 3. Face Lift 4. Hair Transplant 5. Hydrogel Butt Augmentation 6. Laser Assisted Tumescent Liposuction 7. Lipectomy: Tummy Tuck 8. Rhinoplasty: Noselift/Alar Trimming 9. Stem Cell Auto Grafting (SCAG)6 If we look at the modern Filipinos today of age above 25, we could see that most want to achieve that beauty.

10 Facts About the Geography of Reykjavik, Iceland

10 Facts About the Geography of Reykjavik, Iceland Reykjavik is the capital city of Iceland. It is also the largest city in that country and with its latitude of 64Ëš08N, it is the worlds northernmost capital city for an independent nation. Reykjavik has a population of 120,165 people (2008 estimate) and its metropolitan area or the Greater Reykjavik area has a population of 201,847 people. It is the only metropolitan area in Iceland. Reykjavik is known as being Icelands commercial, governmental and cultural center. It is also known as being the worlds Greenest City for its use of hydro and geothermal power. What to Know About Iceland The following is a list of ten more facts to know about Reykjavik, Iceland: 1) Reykjavik is believed to have been the first permanent settlement in Iceland. It was established in 870 C.E. by Ingà ³lfr Arnarson. The original name of the settlement was Reykjarvik which loosely translated to the Bay of Smokes due to the regions hot springs. The additional r in the citys name was gone by 1300. 2) In the 19th century Icelanders began to push for independence from Denmark and because Reykjavik was the regions only city, it became the center of these ideas. In 1874 Iceland was given its first constitution, which gave it some legislative power. In 1904, executive power was given to Iceland and Reykjavik became the location of the minister for Iceland. 3) During the 1920s and 1930s, Reykjavik became the center of Icelands fishing industry, especially that of salt-cod. During World War II, the allies occupied the city, despite the German occupation of Denmark in April 1940. Throughout the war, both American and British soldiers built bases in Reykjavik. In 1944 the Republic of Iceland was founded and Reykjavik was named as its capital. 4) Following WWII and Icelands independence, Reykjavik began to grow considerably. People began to move to the city from Icelands rural areas as jobs increased in the city and agriculture became less important to the country. Today, finance and information technology are important sectors of Reykjaviks employment. 5) Reykjavik is the economic center of Iceland and Borgartà ºn is the financial center of the city. There are over 20 major companies in the city and there are three international firms with headquarters there. As a result of its economic growth, Reykjaviks construction sector is also growing. 6) Reykjavik is considered a multicultural city and in 2009, foreign-born peoples made up 8% of the citys population. The most common groups of ethnic minorities are Poles, Filipinos, and Danes. 7) The city of Reykjavik is located in southwest Iceland at only two degrees south of the Arctic Circle. As a result, the city gets only four hours of sunlight on its shortest day in the winter and during the summer it receives almost 24 hours of daylight. 8) Reykjavik is located on Icelands coast so the citys topography consists of peninsulas and coves. It also has some islands that were once connected to the mainland during the last ice age about 10,000 years ago. The city is spread out over a large distance with an area of 106 square miles (274 sq km) and as a result, it has a low population density. 9) Reykjavik, like most of Iceland, is geologically active and earthquakes are not uncommon in the city. In addition, there is volcanic activity nearby as well as hot springs. The city is also powered by hydro and geothermal energy. 10) Although Reykjavik is located near the Arctic Circle it has a much milder climate than other cities at the same latitude due to its coastal location and the nearby presence of the Gulf Stream. Summers in Reykjavik are cool while winters are cold. The average January low temperature is 26.6ËšF (-3ËšC) while the average July high temperature is 56ËšF (13ËšC) and it receives about 31.5 inches (798 mm) of precipitation per year. Because of its coastal location, Reykjavik is also usually very windy year round. Sources:Wikipedia.com. Reykjavik - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk

Marketing Strategy of Tesco Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Strategy of Tesco - Case Study Example From its humble beginnings, Tesco Plc has gained the reputation of being the largest British retailer in terms of global and local shares. It is estimated that in every 8 UK retail sales, 1 is spent on Tesco (Tesco Plc 2007). Recognizing the growth opportunities in the virtual marketplace, the giant retailer has decided to establish online presence during 1994. Three years after, Tesco has started an online shopping which it named Tesco Direct (Tesco Plc 2007). Since then, Tesco has started offering grocery and food items in its virtual store, Tesco.com. On August 2006, the company announced the offering of non-food items in its online store under the name Tesco Direct. This marketing strategy has proved to be very efficient and profitable for the retailing giant. During the fiscal year 2006, the company announced a total annual turnover of 33.974 billion and reported a pre-tax profit of 1.962 billion. Out of this, 1.2 billion is shared by Tesco.com in terms of total revenue and 83 million in terms of profit. Even though the share of Tesco.com is meagre compared to total turnover and profit generated by Tesco Plc, its growth has been remarkable. The fiscal year 2006 reports online sales double-digit growth of 29.2% while profits soar by 49.5% (Tesco Plc Annual Report 2006). Compared to its rivals in the UK retail industry, Tesco.com captures a higher market share at 65%. Walmart-owned Asda chain lags behind with 16% while Sainsbury corners 14% (Best 2006). Its success has also been documented as it has been named the only retailer which has been able to make online shopping profitable (Walker 2006). On Crossroads: Evaluating Local and Global Opportunities The recent trends and developments in the global market stress the huge emerging opportunities in online retailing. In the UK alone, there has been a sharp rise in the number of people who are "cash rich but time poor" which triggers the higher demand for online shopping (Muncaster 2006). According to the National Statistics Office, the online market is still in the growth stage as only about 20% of adults in UK source food products from the internet (Best 2006). This improvement heats up competition in the local market as industry players battles for market share by launching aggressive strategies and enhancing the overall customer shopping experience. As a global player, Tesco Plc also eyes geographical expansion of its online shopping service by the identification of the profitable markets. In the global economy, it should be noted that internet usage has skyrocketed by 208.7% during the interval of 2000 to 2007 (Internet Usage Statistics 20007). Growth has been very significant in the highly developing Asian and Latin American countries including China, India, and Brazil. It is expected that the wide acceptance and popularity of the internet technologies in this country together with the sharp increase in disposable incomes in these regions will attract global retailers. Faced with these opportunities and challenges in the local and global market, Tesco Plc chooses the strategic direction

National Identity and Language Rights Research Paper

National Identity and Language Rights - Research Paper Example The official thinking goes that one language is necessary for the inherent unity of the country. However, the unofficial reason for these laws, according to many, is racist at its core – because language is not just an abstraction or way to communicate, but also is vital to one's culture and place in society, deeming one's language as inferior is akin to deeming one's culture as also inferior. Another issue is that these laws are probably unconstitutional, as they disenfranchise potential voters who do not know the language. As voting is a right for all citizens, forcing a citizen to vote without knowing what he is voting for, or forcing this citizen to stay home, is unconstitutional. These are just some of the reasons why English only or official English laws are unworkable. But still, legislatures and the people try to make them work, as evidenced by the different movements that have sprung up in this milieu. There are a variety of reasons for the movement to make English the official language. Citrin et al. (1990) identified some of these reasons in their study of the municipalities and states where English only or English as the Official language have been adopted. One of these reasons is historical in nature. English-only in public opinion began in earnest around the turn of the century, as people immigrating from Southern and Eastern Europe stirred xenophobic feelings among Americans, culminating in the â€Å"Americanization† movement that â€Å"insisted that national unity depended upon cultural homogeneity and a common language† (Auerbach, 1993, p. 10).

Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Research Paper Essay Facts: Vinny was employed as a grocery clerk in the grocery store of Oscar, his employer.   The incident happened during store hours when a customer in the grocery store was about to deliver a baby.   Vinny in an effort to help the customer allowed the customer to go inside the delivery truck and the customer to the hospital. While they were on their way to the hospital, Vinny run over the dog of Melnick.   Melnick declared that he will file a suit against Oscar and Vinny for killing his dog. Issue: whether the conduct of Vinny was done within the scope of his employment so as to make Oscar liable for the accident under the principle of respondeat superior A. Delivery Case Plaintiff As a rule no person should be held liable for the acts and omissions of another. In some cases, however, the principle of agency between an employer and his employee may create legal liability known as respondeat superior.   It is a common law principle which basically means â€Å"Let the master answer.†Ã‚   It makes the employer liable for the negligent acts and omission of his employee which have caused injury to another provided that the act was done within the scope of his employment.   The theory behind this common law principle is that the principal controls the behavior of his agent and should assume responsibility and liability for the agent’s actions. The plaintiff only has to prove that the conduct falls within the scope of the employee’s employment to establish liability of the employer.   An employees conduct is covered if it is of the kind he is employed to perform, occurs substantially within the authorized time and space limits of the employment, and is actuated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve the employer. In this case, Vinny was at the time on shift and he was in the performance of his duties.   He was inside the grocery store when a customer was about to give birth.   Being in the service industry it was part of his duty to extend the necessary assistance to their customer.   His act of going to the hospital using the company truck was something that is fairly and naturally incident to the business of his employer.   (Sayles v. Piccadilly) Further the conduct of vinny was not something that promoted his own interest but it was motivated by the desire to serve his employer. B. Delivery Case: Defendant For an employer to be held liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior, it must first be proven that the employee conduct bears relationship to the nature of his work.   In determining whether an employee was acting within the scope of employment, the employee’s job description, time and place and purpose of the employee’s act, the conformity of the employee’s act to his assigned task must be examined. As a grocery clerk, Vinny’s function is to assist the customers locate the items they intend to purchase, to help in the packing of the items purchased by the customers and to answer their queries about a particular item in the grocery.   Nowhere did it say in the employee manual that part of the function of the grocery clerk is to send women who are delivering babies to the hospital.   Vinny performed something that he was not supposed to do at the time and place of the accident. The employee did not even inform the store manager, Oscar, that he will be leaving the grocery.   Indeed there was a substantial departure from the nature of the work Vinny was hired to do.   Thus, the liability for the injury he caused to Melnick is his own responsibility and should not be imputed to his employer.

Sir Isaac Newton vs Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz :: Sir Isaac Newton Essays

Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz are two of the most supreme intellects of the 17th century. They are both considered to be the inventors of Calculus. However, after a terrible dispute, Sir Isaac Newton took most of the credit. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) was a German philosopher, mathematician, and statesman born in the country of Leipzig. He received his education at the universities of Leipzig, Jena, and Altdorf. He received a doctorate in law. He devoted much of his time to the principle studies of mathematics, science, and philosophy. Leibniz's contribution in mathematics was in the year 1675, when he discovered the fundamental principles of infinitesimal calculus. He arrived at this discovery independently at the same time along with the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton in 1666. However, Leibniz's system was published in 1684, three years before Newton published his. Also at this time Leibniz's method of notation, known as mathematical symbols, were adopted universally. He also contributed in 1672 by inventing a calculating machine that was capable of multiplying, dividing, and extracting square roots. All this made him to be considered a pioneer in the developement of mathematical logic. Sir Isaac Newton is the other major figure in the development of Calculus. He was an English mathemetician and physcist, whose considered to be one of the greatest scientists in history. Newton was born on December 25, 1642 at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. He attended Trinity College, at the University of Cambridge. He received his bachelor's degree in 1665 and received his master's degree in 1668. However, there he ignored much of the universities established curriculum to pursue his own interests: mathematics and natural philosophy. Almost immediately, he made fundamental discoveries in both areas. Newtons dicoveries was made up of several different things. It consisted of combined infinite sums which are known as infinite series. It also consisted of the binomial theorem for frational exponents and the algebraic expression of the inverse relation between tangents and areas into methods that we refer to today as calculus. However, the story is not that simple. Being that both men were so-called universal geniuses, they realized that in different ways they were entitled to have the credit for â€Å"inventing calculus†. Both engaged in a violent dispute over priority in the invention of calculus. Unfortunately, Newton had the upper hand, considering that he was the president of the Royal Society. He used this position to to select a committee that would investigate the unsolved question. Apparently, Newton included himself on this committee (illegally) and submitted a false report that charged Leibniz with deliberate plagiarism. He was also the one who compiled the book of evidence that the â€Å"society† was Sir Isaac Newton vs Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz :: Sir Isaac Newton Essays Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz are two of the most supreme intellects of the 17th century. They are both considered to be the inventors of Calculus. However, after a terrible dispute, Sir Isaac Newton took most of the credit. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) was a German philosopher, mathematician, and statesman born in the country of Leipzig. He received his education at the universities of Leipzig, Jena, and Altdorf. He received a doctorate in law. He devoted much of his time to the principle studies of mathematics, science, and philosophy. Leibniz's contribution in mathematics was in the year 1675, when he discovered the fundamental principles of infinitesimal calculus. He arrived at this discovery independently at the same time along with the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton in 1666. However, Leibniz's system was published in 1684, three years before Newton published his. Also at this time Leibniz's method of notation, known as mathematical symbols, were adopted universally. He also contributed in 1672 by inventing a calculating machine that was capable of multiplying, dividing, and extracting square roots. All this made him to be considered a pioneer in the developement of mathematical logic. Sir Isaac Newton is the other major figure in the development of Calculus. He was an English mathemetician and physcist, whose considered to be one of the greatest scientists in history. Newton was born on December 25, 1642 at Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. He attended Trinity College, at the University of Cambridge. He received his bachelor's degree in 1665 and received his master's degree in 1668. However, there he ignored much of the universities established curriculum to pursue his own interests: mathematics and natural philosophy. Almost immediately, he made fundamental discoveries in both areas. Newtons dicoveries was made up of several different things. It consisted of combined infinite sums which are known as infinite series. It also consisted of the binomial theorem for frational exponents and the algebraic expression of the inverse relation between tangents and areas into methods that we refer to today as calculus. However, the story is not that simple. Being that both men were so-called universal geniuses, they realized that in different ways they were entitled to have the credit for â€Å"inventing calculus†. Both engaged in a violent dispute over priority in the invention of calculus. Unfortunately, Newton had the upper hand, considering that he was the president of the Royal Society. He used this position to to select a committee that would investigate the unsolved question. Apparently, Newton included himself on this committee (illegally) and submitted a false report that charged Leibniz with deliberate plagiarism. He was also the one who compiled the book of evidence that the â€Å"society† was

Health and Social Care Level Essay

3.1 Analyse why life expectancy has increase over the last century. Life expectancy in the human race has risen dramatically in the past century reaching its highest level for both male and female on record. Between 1981 and 2002 life expectancy at age 50 increases by four and a half years for men and three years for women and two years respectively. By 2002 women who were age of 65 could expect to live to the age of 84 while men could expect to live to the age of 81. The primary reason for the vast increase in life expectancy in developed countries in the 20th century is universal clean drinking water and very high level of public and personal hygiene. These two improvements account for probably 80%of the life expectancy. Overall life expectancy increased due to 6 mayor factors 1. Clean drinking water 2. Universal sanitation 3. Significantly improved nutrition, particularly during infancy and childhood 4. Vaccination against most common epidemic diseases 5. Access to high-quality trauma (accident and emergency ) care 6. Improved drugs ( particularly, antibiotic) 3.2 Examine the main causes of mortality in men aged 65- 84. The leading causes of mortality in men over the age of 65 are also among most common causes of death among the population are as a whole. Many of these conditions are also highly preventable and treatable. Here are the top six main causes of mortality in men over 65. * Heart Disease: Heart disease is the number one cause of death among adults over the age of 60. Heart disease includes conditions such as heart failure heart attack and heart arrhythmia that can cause the heart to beat ineffectively and impair circulation. Heart disease is associated with or caused by diabetes, high blood pressure , smoking, improper diet and lack of exercise. * Cancer: cancer is second leading cause of death among seniors. It includes all cancers including breast cancer, colon cancer, and skin cancer. Also include are the malignant blood and bone marrow disease that cause leukaemia .many cancers occur at a higher rate among older adult, thoug h the cause for that is not clear .cancer can also be more difficult to treat due to health condition that may also be present. * Cerebrovascular Disease: More commonly known as stroke cerebrovascular disease can be cause by either a colt or blockage that cuts off blood flow to a part of the brain or by haemorrhage. In both cases there is damage or death of the brain tissue that can cause paralysis, speech disorder, swallowing problems and immobility. People with diabetes and high blood pressure are at higher risk of stroke. * COPD: Chronic obstructive lung disease decreases the lungs ability to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. As the disease progress the patient has to work harder and harder to breathe often feeling as if they are suffocating. These disease are often link to a lifetime of smoking but be due to environmental factors. * Pneumonia: Pneumonia is the fifth highest killer of older adults, especially during the winter months of flu season. At high risk are seniors with chronic disease such as diabetes heart disease and reparatory conditions. The flu and pneumonia shot are recommended for all adults over the age 55 to help prevent this killer. Diabetes: Type two diabetes, also known as adult onset diabetes is a chronic that lowers the immune system and can increase risk of stroke, heart disease and other circulatory problems. Wounds take longer to heal and respiratory infections like pneumonia often are more severe. 3.3 Analyse the possible future increase or decline in life expectancy. People have been long imagining that they might individually live to old age. For most of human history, the threats to survive overwhelmed this idea. A few people lie to be old, but most of the members of any society died young. Until the early twentieth century more people died in infancy than at any other age. Reaching old age in the democratization of survival to old age in the period since about 1800. Survival and health should be distinguished. A person may be alive but not well. The different matter because disease and injury have not retreated as far as death has. Morbidity, in the sense of sickness prevalence, remains high in all societies, in some because communicable disease has taken their place. Moreover the factor state influence sickness and death seem to overlap only in part, and often to influence these two effects differently. In a future stage of the global health transition, sickness prevalence too may be forced back. Life expectancy statistical estimate of the number of years an individual is expected to live based on such criteria as sex, race, health and occupation. Average life expectancy declined from 62years in 1990 to 50 years in 2007; it is projected to fall even further by 2011, to 48 years for men and 51 for women according to the institute annual South Africa survey. The decline in life expectancy and the gap between levels in Russia and the rest of Europe l can be attributed mainly to abnormally high rates of cardiovascular disease a nd injury, for both which abuse of alcohol was a major risk factor. The guest to prolong our youth continues today, though not through lengthy field explorations, but through improvements in health, nutrition and medicine. A healthy diet regular exercise and vaccination can greatly improve an individual’s life expectancy, while an outbreak of disease, and mainly lower an individual’s life expectancy. But how life expectancy affect on a national level? While these factors are central to living longer, they alone cannot be the only facets. The social and economic conditions of each country will undoubtedly affect its citizens, their life styles and decisions. Citizens of wealthier countries have access to modern medicine and medical facilities, the leisure to exercise and meticulous regulation of sanitation and drinking water. Their life expectancies therefore, naturally should be higher than those of less developed countries. TO CONCLUDE: The future increase or decline in life expectancy is increasing by two years every decade. They show no sign of flattening out. Average life span around the world is already double what it was 200 years ago. Since the 1980s expert through the increase in life expectancy would slow down and then stop but forecaster have repeatedly been proved wrong. The reason behind the study rise in life expectancy is â€Å"the decline in the death rate of the elderly†. It is said that our bodies are evolving to maintain and repair themselves better and our genes are investing in the process to put off the damage which will lead to death. â€Å"There is no use by date when we age, ageing is not a fixed biological process† professor Kirkwood says. And with people nearly one in five currently in the uk living to see their 100th birthday in a good and better shape, it is safe to assume that this is all down to better eating habits, living conditions, education and medicine.

American Immigrants

In the past, America has been a destination for foreign Immigrants especially the employees who are looking for job opportunities. Highly skilled young people trained in management, technology, medicine have all been flocking to U. S. in search of jobs. The U. S. government had also openly scoured the Northern and West central Mexico to get workers during the World War I. There was a program ‘bracero’ which means ‘strong arm’ which brought about 400,000 workers in every year in U. S. from 1942-1965. (Stout R. J. 2).However there have been factors that have prompted the large number of U. S. foreigners to go back home to their native land and settle back there.. This paper focuses on some of the reasons as to why U. S. immigrants are going back home and settling there and possible solution that could reduce problem of going back. The problem of accessing permanent visa to the immigrants has played a major role in encouraging U. S. immigrants go back to their countries. Some people have been waiting for their visas for more than 10 years.Many people have become impatient with waiting of the Permanent Visa. Their have also been a great number of people especially the Chinese and Indians who have been going back home from America because of availability of job opportunities related to their professional careers. This has mostly applied to those who have chances of bringing innovations and growth in their home countries. This makes it easy for to afford purchase more commodities compared to U. S. and hence have a better quality life.There have also been a demand for skills on those who are going back home from the U. S. The technological companies for instance in India have been performing well and most of the top management jobs are given to their citizens. As much as the U. S immigrants get jobs in America, they don’t get the top managerial jobs as compared to when they are in their own countries. This fact makes it more reasonable for them to go back to their country and take these more prestigious positions.Economic recession has also contributed to resettling of U. S immigrants to go back home to their countries. So many job cuts have been made so that the company’s and the country can recover from the recession. High cost of living in America forces many to leave the country and go back home with their savings which has more purchasing power in their own country. The comfort of being near your family and friends, better career prospects and better quality life has made most of the U. S. skilled foreigners are deciding to go back home .However, the culmination of this is population pressure, competition for lands and jobs in their home countries. Many of those who have returned are also reported to be sick and more inclined to committing crimes compared to when they left. The money they have also brought back in their home countries has caused a challenge in that they forced an increase in local lan d prices. (LaGumina S. J. 549) To reduce the problem settlement instability in one country, the U. S government need to reduce the duration for waiting for permanent visa. Develop a policy that could encourage both U.S. citizens and immigrants be employed and promoted in top managerial positions so that they can find good reason for settling there than keeping migrating. Economic policy which focuses mostly on U. S government reducing spending especially on war needs to be emphasized and implemented. This would reduce the economic recession that has been witnessed in the past which forces major job cuts in big companies leading to immigration. Work cited LaGumina S. J. , Italian American experience, Taylor and Francis, 2000. Stout R. J. Why immigrants come to America. Green World, 2008.

Using Similes and Metaphors to Enrich Writing (Part 1)

Using Similes and Metaphors to Enrich Writing (Part 1) Consider these two sentences from Leonard Gardners novel Fat City: The stooped forms inched in an uneven line, like a wave, across the onion field.Occasionally there was a gust of wind, and he was engulfed by sudden rustling and flickering shadows as a high spiral of onion skins fluttered about him like a swarm of butterflies. Each of these sentences contains a simile: that is, a comparison (usually introduced by like or as) between two things that are generally not alikesuch as a line of migrant workers and a wave, or onion skins and a swarm of butterflies. Writers use similes to explain things, to express emotion, and to make their writing more vivid and entertaining. Discovering fresh similes to use in your own writing also means discovering new ways to look at your subjects. Metaphors also offer figurative comparisons, but these are implied rather than introduced by like or as. See if you can identify the implied comparisons in these two sentences: The farm was crouched on a bleak hillside, where its fields, fanged in flints, dropped steeply to the village of Howling a mile away.(Stella Gibbons, Cold Comfort Farm)Time rushes toward us with its hospital tray of infinitely varied narcotics, even while it is preparing us for its inevitably fatal operation.(Tennessee Williams, The Rose Tattoo) The first sentence uses the metaphor of a beast crouched and fanged in flints to describe the farm and the fields. In the second sentence, time is compared to a doctor attending a doomed patient. Similes and metaphors are often used in descriptive writing to create vivid sight and sound images, as in these two sentences: Over my head the clouds thicken, then crack and split like a roar of cannonballs tumbling down a marble staircase; their bellies opentoo late to run now!and suddenly the rain comes down.(Edward Abbey, Desert Solitaire)The seabirds glide down to the waterstub-winged cargo planesland awkwardly, taxi with fluttering wings and stamping paddle feet, then dive.(Franklin Russell, A Madness of Nature) The first sentence above contains both a simile (a roar like that of cannonballs) and a metaphor (their bellies open) in its dramatization of a thunderstorm. The second sentence uses the metaphor of stub-winged cargo planes to describe the movements of the seabirds. In both cases, the figurative comparisons offer the reader a fresh and interesting way of looking at the thing being described. As essayist Joseph Addison observed three centuries ago, A noble metaphor, when it is placed to an advantage, casts a kind of glory round it, and darts a luster through a whole sentence   (The Spectator, July 8, 1712).   NEXT: Using Similes and Metaphors to Enrich Our Writing (Part 2).

The Meaning of Capital Deepening

The Meaning of Capital Deepening Some definitions of capital deepening can be a little hard to understand, not because the concept is difficult or complex but because the formal language of economics has a special vocabulary. When youre beginning your study of economics, at times it may seem less like a language than a code. Fortunately, the concept  isnt that complicated when its broken down into everyday speech. Once you understand it in that way, translating into the formal language of economics doesnt seem that hard.   The Essential Idea You can look at the creation of value in capitalism as having an input and an output. The input is:   Capital. This, as economists have considered it since Adam Smith first discussed the creation of value in capitalism in The Wealth of Nations, consists not only of money but also the variety of things that have to do with production, such as physical plants, machinery, and materials. (Land, by the way, was treated by Smith as a separate input   different from other capital because unlike capital generally, which can grow indefinitely, there is only a finite amount of land).Labor. In economics, labor consists of work undertaken for a wage or for  some other form of monetary reward.   If labor and capital are the inputs, the output is the added value that results. What happens in between the input of labor and capital and the output of added value is the production process.  Thats what creates the added value:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Input (production process)-Output  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (labor and capital)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (value created)   The Production Process as a Black Box For a moment consider the production process as a black box. In Black Box #1 are 80  man-hours of labor and X amount of capital. The production process creates output with a value of 3X.   But what if you wanted to increase the output value? You could add more man-hours, which of course has its own cost. Another way you could increase the output value would be to increase the amount of capital at the input. In a cabinet shop, for example, you could still have two workers working for a week for a total of 80 man hours, but instead of having them produce three kitchens worth of cabinets (3x) on traditional cabinet-making equipment, you buy a CNC machine. Now your workers basically only have to load the materials into the machine, which does much of the cabinet building under computer control. Your output increases to 30 X at the end of the week you have 30 kitchens worth of cabinets. Capital Deepening Since with your CNC machine  you can do this every week, your production rate has permanently increased. And thats capital deepening. By deepening (which in this context is economist-speak for Increasing) the amount of capital per worker you have increased the output from 3X per week to 30X per week, a capital deepening rate increase of 1,000 percent!   Most economists quantify capital deepening over a year. In this instance, since its the same increase every week, the growth rate over a year is still 1,000 percent. This growth rate is one commonly used way of assessing the rate of capital deepening. Is Capital Deepening A  Good Thing or a Bad Thing? Historically, capital deepening has been viewed as beneficial for both capital and labor. The infusion of capital into the production process produces an output value that far exceeds the increased capital at the input.  This is obviously good for the capitalist/entrepreneur, but, the traditional view has been that it is good for labor as well. From the increased profits, the business owner pays the worker increased wages. This creates a virtuous circle of benefits because now the worker has more available money to purchase goods, which in turn increase business owners sales.   French economist Thomas Piketty, in his influential and controversial reexamination of capitalism, Capitalism in the Twenty-First  Century, criticizes this view. The details of his argument, which extends over most of a dense 700 pages, is beyond the scope of this article but has to do with the economic effect of capital deepening. He argues that in industrialized and post-industrial economies, the infusion of capital produces wealth at a growth rate that exceeds the growth rate of the broader economy. Labors share of the wealth decreases. In short, wealth becomes increasingly concentrated and increasing inequality results. Terms Related to Capital Deepening CapitalCapital consumptionCapital intensityCapital ratioCapital structureCapital augmentingHuman capitalSocial capital

BMKT611 Retailing Final Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

BMKT611 Retailing Final Assignment - Essay Example 3). Complicating matters, retailers are not only confronting the changing dynamics of the modern retail market, but are also confronting the economic challenges effecting consumer spending practices since the global financial crisis of 2009. Consumers have demonstrated a habit of unpredictable and frugal spending habits. Retailers are also affected in that they are increasingly confronting the challenges posed by increased fuel prices as well as inflation so that retailers are now concerned about reducing costs. In the meantime, retailers have to find innovative ways of remaining competitive (Mansoor & Jalal, 2011, p. 104). A review of the literature informs that in-store strategies continue to be a method by which retailers seek to differentiate their products and services from the competition. An emerging trend is a propensity to ensure that customers have an exciting and entertaining experience and consumers also expect convenience, options in merchandise at the right place, the r ight time and â€Å"at the right price† (Carpenter, Moore, & Fairhurst, 2005, p. 43). This report conducts a comparative analysis of the in-store strategies employed Primark and Forever 21in the UK. ... A SWOT analysis is conducted on each store with a view to identifying and analysing the weaknesses and strengths of the in-store strategies used. A Review of the Literature The forces of globalisation together with the ease with which new entrants can join the apparels’ industry have rendered apparels’ retailing a highly competitive market. Research studies indicate that the popular pricing strategy of the 1970s is no longer suitable for ensuring retailer’s competitive edge. More and more, consumers are committed to quality and competing in terms of sales lowers profit margins, compromises consumer loyalty, and increases â€Å"product imitation† (Bruer, Cassil, & Jones, 2005, p.1). The changing dynamics of the retail market is such that consumers are more informed and have far more choices than previously. As a result, retailers have experienced a shift in bargaining controls toward consumers. Facilitated by information technology, lowered barriers to trad e, consumers are increasingly aware of competitive products and will exhibit loyalty toward retailers that have the ability to excite and entertain them. In the meantime, consumers’ preferences and needs have â€Å"become more fragmented,† and more â€Å"difficult to understand and predict† (Kilduff, 2001, p. 2). A study conducted by Carre, Tilly and Holgate (2010) in two fiercely competitive retail markets in the US (food and electronics) demonstrate that a number of factors influence in-store strategies in the retail market. The study involved 16 case studies (8 in food and 8 in electronics) and involved 195 interviews with managers in human resources and operations. Research findings indicate that competitive strategies include increasing service, improving both

The implication of diversity on human resource, organization,and Research Paper

The implication of diversity on human resource, organization,and stakeholders - Research Paper Example The main point to be noticed here is that numbers of minorities within the workforce who are qualified and educated have increased and this makes it compulsory for the organizations to attract, hire and recruit member of the workforce who are recognized as minority. Research has been conducted for several years and the results of these researches is that hiring individuals who represent the minority s not enough to achieve success and efficiency within the organization. Questions have even been raised against the effectiveness of the training programs of diversity implemented by organizations. Those organizations that fail to attain success in creating a diversified work environment have experienced the negative implications of diversity. Such events have been experienced by world’s top most organizations such as Wal-Mart and Coca-Cola (Samson 511). When organizations fail to integrate and attain diversity, they experience downsides such as law suits based on discrimination. T hose organizations that have been successful in integrating diversity have attained favorable results and rewards. The failure to achieve diversity and deal with diversity in an effective manner is a problematic situation for private firms and firms that contribute to the list of Fortune 500 companies. These issues have not even spared the public and the nonprofit sector which is already deeply concerned due to financial issues. These organizations are mostly held responsible for not spending money on the activities of human resource management such as training and development, hiring and retention. Problems will further elevate for these organizations as Baby Boomers will obtain retirement and a shortage in the workforce will be created. According to the conventional business case in the favor of diversity, organizations should manage their diverse workforce in an appropriate manner to attain competitive advantage over its competitors. This is very essential for organizations becau se the demographics of the workforce are changing on daily basis. According to Soni, during the period of 1990 the total workforce of US comprised of 73% white and 27% minority individuals, the statistics changed to 30% minority and 70% white individuals within a time frame of ten years (Soni, 2004) . This clearly shows that employers need to pay attention to the element of diversity as the minorities are becoming an integral part of the workforce. Various benefits of diversity have been realized by organizations, diversity helps an organization in achieving its aims and objectives. This happens because employees who belong to different cultures and society play a major ole in generation of ideas and solutions to issues experienced by organizations. Diversity will lead to creation of creative teams and creativity within teams will increase and this will lead to designing and development of creative products. Another major benefit of having a diversified workforce is that diverse wor kforce is able to attract diverse amount of customers (Champoux 30). Customers feel more relaxed and want to buy more from organizations that are able to understand what their needs and wants are. Diversified workforce is able to communicate with customers according to their cultural context which makes the customers feel comfortable as they are able to express their

Language Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Language Development - Research Paper Example Children show more receptive than productive language. Articulation disorders, Fluency disorders, Resonance or voice disorders Language disorders, Expressive disorders are the common forms of disorders that can be recognized when a child is delayed in the language improvement and these can be cured by the speech training and speech therapy. Speech-language therapy is the treatment for most children with speech and/or language disorders. A speech disorder refers to a problem with the actual production of sounds, whereas a language disorder refers to a difficulty understanding or putting words together to communicate ideas. Edward.Carr observed that a combination of simultaneous communication training and separate vocal training may have a synergetic effect on speech development. Hence while planning language intervention programs, providing ideal situations and contexts for language learning that supports the use of various effective approaches is of utmost importance. The context or type of activity (e.g., play-dough, book reading) can strongly influence the level of caregiver responsiveness (Girolametto & Weitzman, 2002) during the speech training. This suggests that different child learning levels require different teaching methods of language learning. Hence the current study observes various approaches of speech training tools at different stages of child development. The study observes different speech training tools like drama, mime, and improvisation for language development in different age group children from 3 years to 18 years. As children make a deliberate effort to master the sounds and sound patterns of the adult language, Ferguson and Farwell (1975) noted that children work simultaneously at mastering the sound system of the language as a whole and the sound patterns of individual words. So linguists caution against assuming that the correct adult pronunciation always underlies a child's mispronunciation (Waterson 1981). So this advice for careful speech training during the speech storage during early childhood and in school going children.

The Marketing Plan Of Yamaha

The Marketing Plan Of Yamaha Introduction India Yamaha Motor Private Limited. Yamaha made its initial foray into India in 1985. Subsequently, it entered into a 50:50 joint-venture with the Escorts Group in 1996. However, in August 2001, Yamaha acquired its remaining stake becoming a 100% subsidiary of Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd, Japan (YMC). In 2008, Mitsui Co., Ltd. entered into an agreement with YMC to become a joint-investor in the motorcycle manufacturing company India Yamaha Motor Private Limited (IYM). IYM operates from its state-of-the-art manufacturing units at Surajpur in Uttar Pradesh and Faridabad in Haryana and produces motorcycles for both domestic and export markets. With a strong workforce of more than 2,000 employees, IYM is highly customer-driven and has a countrywide network of over 400 dealers. Presently, its product portfolio includes VMAX (1,679cc), MT01 (1,670cc), YZF-R1 (998cc),YZF-R15 (150cc), Fazer (153cc), FZ-S (153cc), FZ16 (153cc), SZ SZ-X (153cc), SS125 (123cc), YBR 125 (123cc), YBR 110 (106cc) and Crux (106cc). . Vision They will establish YAMAHA as the exclusive trusted brand of customers by creating Kando (touching their hearts) the first time and every time with world class products services delivered by people having passion for customers. .Mission/Objectives They are committed to: Be the Exclusive Trusted Brand renowned for marketing and manufacturing of YAMAHA products, focusing on serving their customer where they can build long term relationships by raising their lifestyle through performance excellence, proactive design innovative technology. Their innovative solutions will always exceed the changing needs of their customers and provide value added vehicles. Build the Winning Team with capabilities for success, thriving in a climate for action and delivering results. Their employees are the most valuable assets and they intend to develop them to achieve international level of professionalism with progressive career development. As a good corporate citizen, they will conduct their business ethically and socially in a responsible manner with concerns for the environment. Grow through continuously innovating their business processes for creating value and knowledge across their customers thereby earning the loyalty of their partners increasing their stakeholder value. .Customer no.1 They put customers first in everything they do. They take decisions keeping the customer in mind. Challenging Spirit They strive for excellence in everything they do and in the quality of goods services they provide. They work hard to achieve what they commit achieve results faster than their competitors and they never give up. Team-work They work cohesively with their colleagues as a multi-cultural team built on trust, respect, understanding mutual co-operation. Everyones contribution is equally important for their success. Frank Fair Organization They are honest, sincere, open minded, fair transparent in their dealings. They actively listen to others and participate in healthy frank discussions to achieve the organizations goals/objectives. India Yamaha Motor Limited, known for its strong focus on the urban market in the country, has decided to go for a strategic shift in its business move. The two-wheeler player which is only a fringe player in the countrys rural market, which accounts for only 15% of its overall sales, intends to tap this market in a big way. YBR 110, the latest bike from the Yamaha stable to have been launched in India, will target the rural markets. As of that time, Yamaha Crux is the companys best seller in the rural market due to its good quality, long life engine and high mileage. Rural markets are the growth drivers for any company and they are no different. Yamaha has already penetrated into the entry level segment and has been successful in all its ventures. To tap this potential segment, they are focusing on increasing their network strength in tier-2 and tier-3 cities and increasing their sub-dealers in rural areas,, national business head, India Yamaha Motor Limited told Business Standard.Yamaha Crux is doing very well in the domestic and overseas market. Adding to this is their new launch YBR 110 which will definitely target the rural markets, add to their sales numbers and increase their presence in the rural areas. They expect to grow more and improve their performance in rural India, Yamaha is wary of competition from the well entrenched players but hopes to counter the competition through its unique product offering. They dont see any direct competition between Yamahas offerings and other companies. The Indian biking market is undergoing a complete transformation in terms of both product offering and customer preferences. Today, the Indian biker is driven by technology and style and Yamaha products perfectly fit the bill. Though Yamaha has a 12% market share in the deluxe bike segment, it is still a marginal player in the countrys two-wheeler market with a meagre share of 3.5%. Yamaha Motor Corp will invest about $200 million in its Indian unit over three years as it completes a third plant, which will ramp up capacity to 1 million units. For the coming three years, they think they will invest 7-8 billion rupees ($178-203 million), Takashi Kajikawa, president and CEO of Yamaha Motor, told a news conference at the India Auto Expo. Theyre looking at getting double-digit growth. They should touch 10% (market share) by 2010. By end-2010, Yamaha will complete its third plant in India, on the outskirts of New Delhi, and raise capacity to 1 million bikes annually. The company is targeting a share of 10% by the end of 2012. Yamaha has seen a fall in its sales in India, with April-December 2007 figures half of those for the corresponding period of 2006, part of a general decline in bike sales in India brought about by rising financing costs. They were focussing on rural market but by rising financing costs the sales and demand has seen a great fall. Their products enter in the declining stage. Product Declining Stage A reduction in product demand and sales occurs either slowly or rapidly, depending on the type of product provided to consumers, thus causing the product to enter the decline stage. A Sale decline may be due to technological advances, shifts in consumer tastes, or increased competition. Management can choose to continue to market the product (also known as maintaining the product), harvesting the product by reducing overhead costs such as RD in the hopes of continued sales of the product. As this the demand and sales of Yamaha bikes were reducing in India because people wants premium and deluxe products and Yamaha emphasis on value for money. So the sales of Yamaha bikes were drastically declining in Indian market . Sales always decline in this stage. Understanding the decline stage will help us to keep our product producing sales longer. In the decline stage of the marketing product development cycle, product owners lower or discontinue marketing efforts and expenses. The trick is for lower marketing efforts of them while competitors discontinue theirs. Similarly, if we continue to sell our product while our competitors pull their products from the market, we can squeeze out the last few sales for our product. Marketing Product Life Cycle Why Sales Decline Sales decline during this stage of the marketing product life cycle because: the market has become saturated, the technology has become obsolete, or the trend creating the demand has ended. The result is that unless our product is perishable or consumable, few customers still want or need our product. Market segmentation can enable us to find those few customers and to out-market our competitors to get those customers purchases. Marketing Product Life Cycle Using Marketing Research Can Slow Decline To continue making enough sales to earn a profit, we need to use market research to determine: how much you need to lower prices, which distribution outlets we should use at this stage, and how our other products can benefit from brand marketing from our declining product. Just as we want our child to have a long life and live well into senior years, we want our product to extend its life through the decline stage of the marketing product life cycle. Market segmentation can provide extended life to our product by revealing the last remnants of customers needing the product and by discovering new uses for our product. So we can increase our profits through this final stage of the marketing product life cycle. Product Development Meaning- The overall process of strategy, organization, concept generation, product and marketing plan creation and evaluation, and commercialization of a new product Innovative new products are the fuel for the most powerful growth engine we can connect to. If we decide to develop new products as part of our growth plan, were in good company. New product development can be described as a five-stage process, beginning with generating ideas and progressing to marketing completed products. In between are processes where we evaluate and screen product ideas, take steps to protect your ideas, and finalize design in an RD stage. Following are details on each stage: Generating ideas -Generating ideas consists of two parts: creating an idea and developing it for commercial sale. There are many good techniques for idea creation, including brainstorming, random association and even daydreaming. We may want to generate a long list of ideas and then whittle them down to a very few that appear to have commercial appeal. Evaluating and screening product ideas- Everybody likes their own ideas, but that doesnt mean others will. When we are evaluating ideas for their potential, its important to get objective opinions. For help with technical issues, many companies take their ideas to testing laboratories, engineering consultants, product development firms, and university and college technical testing services. When it comes to evaluating an ideas commercial potential, many entrepreneurs use the Preliminary Innovation Evaluation System (PIES) technique. This is a formal methodology for assessing the commercial potential of inventions and innovations. Protecting your ideas- If we think weve come up with a valuable idea for a new product, we should take steps to protect it. Most people who want to protect ideas think first of patents. There are good reasons for this. For one thing, we will find it difficult to license our idea to other companies, should we wish to do so, without patent protection. However, getting a patent is a lengthy, complicated process, and one we shouldnt embark on without professional help; this makes the process expensive. If we wish to pursue a patent for our ideas, contact a registered patent attorney or patent agent. Many firms choose to protect ideas using trade secrecy. This is simply a matter of keeping knowledge of their ideas, designs, processes, techniques or any other unique component of their creation limited to thereself or a small group of people. Most trade secrets are in the areas of chemical formulas, factory equipment, and machines and manufacturing processes. The formula for Coca-Cola is one of the best-recognized and most successful trade secrets. Finalizing design research and development- Research and development is necessary for refining most designs for new products and services. As the owner of a growing company, we are in a good position when it comes to this stage. Most independent inventors dont have the resources to pay for this costly and often protracted stage of product introduction. Most lenders and investors are trapped by a Catch-22 mentality that makes them reluctant to invest in ideas until after theyre proven viable in the marketplace. If we believe in our idea, we can be the first to market. RD consists of producing prototypes, testing them for usability and other features, and refining the design until we wind up with something we think we can make and sell for a profit. This may involve test-marketing, beta testing, analysis of marketing plans and sales projections, cost studies, and more. As the last step before you commit to rolling your product out, RD is perhaps the most important step of all. Promoting and marketing your product- Now that we have a ready-for-sale product, its time to promote, market and distribute it. Many of the rules that apply to existing products also apply to promoting, marketing and distributing new products. However, new products have some additional wrinkles. For instance, our promotion will probably consist of a larger amount of customer education, since we will be offering them something they have never seen before. Our marketing may have to be broader than the niche efforts weve used in the past because, odds are, well be a little unsure about the actual market out there. Finally, we may need to test some completely new distribution channels until we find the right place to sell our product. Strategic Marketing Tools Our tools are organized under our 5-Step Planning process. See down to find the step and tool that interests us most. The Market To Win Five Step Planning Process. Key Tasks 1.Pre-planning 3b. Define the Key Challenges 3a. Segment the Market 3d. Define the Value Proposition 3c. Target the Best Segments 3.Formulate Marketing Strategy 2b. Internal Business Audit 2a. External Market Audit 1b. Launch the Work 1a. Plan the Work 2.Undertake Marketing Audit 4. Complete the Marketing Plan 5. Implement Review 1. Pre-planning- The pre planning by Yamaha is that they pre-prepare themselves for the this declining stage of their bikes. They already made new bikes from their own product innovations for that drastic situation of declining and just need the right time to launch them. 2. Marketing audit/research-They did market research in advance that their products are declining because of rising financing cost. As they were focussing rural market and rising financing cost has affects the sales of their products. They also research that the taste of consumers are also changed, where their product was declining because of rising financing cost on the other side consumer are ready to buy premium and deluxe bikes. Business for premium and deluxe bikes was increased. 3. Market strategy- The market strategy Yamaha used that time they introduce their right products as per market demand. They focus on premium bikes segment that time. The key challenge was rising financing cost. They understand that the price will be not an issue for the premium and deluxe segment customers so the rising financing cost will not effect the sales and demand of their products and they were right. 4. Market plan- Yamaha uses right market plan with right market audit and with their right products for that time and got success for firm. 5. Implemented review- They implemented the right market plan in that declining stage of their products and in review they got success for their brand, products and maintain their image in motor biking industry. It is a sad fact that many marketing plans do not get implemented well.   There are many possible reasons for this but certainly poor project and change management is a key one.   If we do the pre-planning work well, there is more chance the Marketing Plan will be accepted and implemented as Yamaha done. Re-launch or reposition One strategy is the re-launch and re-position mature brands. Yamaha doesnt use this strategy because the taste of consumers is also changed. Product Innovation Product innovation is another strategy. They uses this strategy they innovate with their own products like Yamaha R1 and introduce their new products. The firm launched four new models in 2008. Two of them was of 125 cc and launched in February 2008. The other two, both of 150 cc, came in July and in November. Three new Yamaha Bikes for India in 2008 Globally, Yamaha Motorcycles has a performance oriented brand image and is known for their technological excellence. But thats not the case for Yamaha India with their damp and not so exciting current line-up of bikes. Realizing the power and growth potential of the Indian 2-wheeler market, Yamaha is bent on re-establishing themselves in India, only this time aiming for the brand image rather than going after mass market sales. As part of their strategy YMI recently launched the world class YZF R1 and MT01, furthermore Yamaha launched 3 new bikes in India in 2008. Yamaha YZF-R15 2008 Yamaha yzf r15 India Sports oriented, Yamaha YZF R15 is a track ready, made for India bike inheriting from the Yamaha R1. The new single cylinder, 4-stroke, 150cc engine has 4-valves, is liquid cooled and have Fuel Injection. The bike also has front and rear disc brakes. R15 launched in India in 2008. The power output was around 18 bhp. Yamaha FZ (150) Yamaha fz 150 India 2008 IMO The best looking among the 3, the Yamaha FZ is a mean-looking naked street bike, again made for India inheriting from the European FZ1. FZ share R15à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²s 150cc single cylinder engine but have air-cooled.Yamaha FZ 150 was also launched in India 2008. Yamaha Gladiator Type SS / RS Yamaha Gladiator 2008 SS RS India Yamaha Gladiator was available in two new variants Type SS (Stylish Sporty) Type RS (Racing Sports) and these bikes have the 125 cc engine block. Yamaha says SS RS have 26 improved features to make them dynamic and best performing bikes in their class. Gladiator Type SS / RS was also launched in India by the end of February 2008. Indian consumers got the feel of the superbikes mainly from the movie Dhoom (thanks to John Abrahams Hayabusa) and after that theyve been witnessing a regular growth in both, the sales and options (superbikes) available in India. Sources in the industry confirm that almost 600 superbikes are imported every year, which includes those imported by the company and those that come from indirect routes. Apart from growing in the domestic market, Yamaha is also looking to scale up its exports. They are very hopeful of increasing exports from India. In 2009 and so far in 2010, they have received good response and orders from the overseas markets. they export Gladiator Type SS, FZ16, YZF-R15, Crux, Enticer, Alba, G5 to countries like Colombia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Kenya, Bangladesh, Philippines. They definitely look forward to increase their presence in the overseas market and grow in terms of exports. Yamaha plans to capture larger market share in India. It is aiming for a 20% share in the Indian bike segment especially in deluxe and premium range products. They have been receiving an overwhelming response for their premium and deluxe segment models. They have clocked a robust performance so far and should achieve a market share of 20% in the deluxe and premium segments. Currently Yamaha has 3.5% market share in India but the sales are picking up very fast and the company foresees a robust growth in coming years. By end of 2012, it intends to have at least 10-12% market share in the country. They expect to grow 40% in 2010 and 30% in 2011. Their main growth will be from the FZ series. Premium products like YZF-R15 and FZ-15 continue to showcase strong demand and robust sales. In the deluxe segment, they have succeeded in garnering a market share of 12%. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH Good quality Long life engine High mileage Unique product offering Technology Style Brand WEAKNESS Wrong focus segment Emphasis on value for money Wrong trend OPPURTUNITY Innovation Increased product quality Product for rural areas Big market (domestically globaly) THREAT Competition Strength Yamaha has good quality motor bikes. Their bikes engine are long lasting and fuel efficients. They uses Japanese technology for their products. They offers unique products to market. They have different styles of product and they are known for their brand image in motor biking industry. Weakness They were previously focus on wrong segments. They emphasis on manufacturing value for money products. The trend on focusing on rural industry was wrong. Opportunity They have innovated opportunity to launch their new products. They have increased quality products like R15 and FZ16. They have opportunity to rule for urban as well as rural areas. They have big market opportunity domestic and internationaly. Threat Yamaha have lots of threat from their competition. Yamaha is wary of competition from the well entrenched players but hopes to counter the competition through its unique product offering. The Seven Ps of Marketing The basic Four Ps of Marketing Product This is the most important thing in the mix, the physical product or the service that the entity is offering for sale to the public. We will need to market this to the customers by telling them the unique features and benefits the product has to offer as Yamaha did most of the time when its value for money they emphasis on that, when its about looks and image they shows that as well. Price This is the price or amount that the customer needs to giveaway in exchange of the product or service we are offering. Marketing strategy will need to ensure that people will get the perceived value as greater than the price they will need to giveaway. Yamaha give the price of normal bikes and gave the looks of superbikes. Placement Placement or distribution, we will need to spell out where the product or service is available. This may either be online or offline, we will need to inform the public where the products may be available. Yamaha places their products in showrooms as well their full descriptive images online. Promotion We will need to promote the product or service whether online of offline. Online marketing makes it cheaper to conduct promotions and reach as many people as possible. Yamaha mostly uses brand ambassadors for the products and also promotes in motoracing. The next three Ps People In order for any marketing activity to be effective, to will need to train and motivate the people to do their job. The people that delivers the product or service and those that come in between the customer and the manufacturer needs to know their job for the strategy to work. People may also refer to the customers who will need to buy our products, they are very important to be considered in the development of our marketing strategy. Yamaha trained their people on routine intervals so they can get the best out of them. Process Customer satisfaction is one of the most important roles of marketing. If we can follow the process of delivering high quality service or products to the customers, Our marketing efforts will never be wasted. As Yamaha did uses the process and deliver the right product on right time. Physical evidence Online, it is difficult for the customer to know how the product is going to benefit them. Thus, we will need to create an element by which the customer will be able to feel, taste and smell the product or experience the service. We can do reports and articles that will excite the customers about the product and the service. Yamaha shows the physical evidence of their products in commercials, movies and road shows. Conclusions In conclusion, the success of Yamaha is inseparable with the scientific business strategy. The business strategy is a general concept. It includes two indispensable elements called competitive strategy and marketing strategies as well as the concept of the business strategy. The strategic concept of Yamaha is to take the demand-side strategy. Yamaha subdivides the whole market into several objective markets according to the researches about the partialities of different individuals. And then different types of motor bikes are put into the market aimed at attracting different consumer groups. The competitive strategy of Yamaha is to improve the innovative ability to win the competitive advantage. Strong technological innovation ability makes Yamaha stand in the most forward position of motor bikes industry all the time, and characterized this brand by a special vitality. And the marketing mix of Yamaha is to use the integrated marketing strategy including product, price, promotion and place. It values the construction of a brand, the orientation of its products and pays a lot of attention to technology improvement. It increases the sales through sensitive advertisement, presentation to the celebrities and large-scale entertainment.  Ã‚   Expectations from the Course Module: When I started this assignment, I had a perception that marketing is identical to sales. Being from commerce back round I also thought that marketing is conflicting to financial studies. However now I can analyze that marketing is a social science. Through the interactive lectures I have learnt that marketing brings together all the elements of management together, namely finance, operations and human resource management. Overall the course module has geared me up as a person who now has managerial skills in all types of verticals. Learning Outcome: I would like to start my learning outcomes from the same fact that being from the Commerce background and always took Marketing as a very spendthrift department and always thought they are trying to put up their Budgets and Expenditures very high and would not allow them to get around to utilize the Budget as they wished or planned. I was always critical of the plans of the Marketing team in the company where I work and would always argue and win back as much pounds as I could to cut on their lucrative Budgetary proposals. But after the Tutor brought in the various Marketing concepts like Situation Analysis, Branding, Segmentation, Marketing Mix, etc., were very clear. The situational analysis taught me how to use the tools of SWOT, PESTLE, the five competitive forces of Michael Porter. That the objectives of an organization or business should be realistic came to light through the learning of the SMART theory of goal setting. I understood that how the goal of a business or company are aligned at every level of business and that their vision and mission are clear.. The tactics part actually has presented before me the entire marketing mix process. It has taught me how the 7Ps of marketing are useful across an organisation or a product or service. The 7ps have taught me how to integrate different methods in management to analyze the operational effectiveness of a business. Personal Experience: My experience as a student in this subject has been great one and has given me a great learning for imparting at my place of business. The concepts that have been taught in the class by the tutor, I am convinced that I can have great success in the marketing field now. As prior to this course module I had always shied off from marketing plans or topics. This is how I have been able to put my learning experience into the learning about Yamaha.